Antimicrobial resistance mechanism among Gram-negative bacteria: A mini review

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as a pressing global health issue, primarily fueled by the inappropriate and excessive use of antimicrobial agents, along with the limited progress in developing new and innovative antibiotics. According to the World Health Organization, AMR ranks among the ten most significant threats to global public health. The cell membranes of Gram-negative bacteria play an essential role in their survival and adaptation to different environments. These membranes not only determine the surface characteristics of the bacteria but also serve as protective and functional barriers. Structurally, Gram-negative bacteria possess dual membranes, with the outer membrane comprising proteins and additional components. In many cases, this outer membrane prevents harmful substances such as antibiotics from penetrating, which poses a major challenge in eliminating Gram-negative bacterial infections using both conventional and newly developed antimicrobial agents.