Role of CT Angiography and Doppler Ultrasound in the Evaluation of Peripheral Vascular Diseases: A Review on Diagnostic Challenges and Insights from Special Populations

Abstract

Peripheral Vascular Diseases (PVD) are a group of diseases that damage or block the blood vessels present outside the heart and brain. The arteries and veins that are affected by these diseases are responsible for carrying blood to the limbs and other peripheral parts of the body. Blood flow is reduced, commonly in the lower body parts, and symptoms such as pain, cramping, numbness, and in severe cases, tissue damage or gangrene result due to these diseases. Atherosclerosis, diabetes, smoking, and hypertension are associated with PVD, and now it has become a threat to public health worldwide. Improved quality of life and reduced risk of cardiovascular events can be achieved by early diagnosis and proper management, and complications can also be prevented. Many individuals are affected by PVD, and it contributes to morbidity and mortality, so it is a global challenge. Doppler Ultrasound and Computed Tomography Angiography (CTA) are the available imaging techniques for evaluating vascular anatomy and hemodynamics, and these are the most widely used external diagnostic methods. The current review provides an overview of the role of CTA and Doppler ultrasound for the evaluation of PVD with special focus on diagnostic challenges in the special population.