Risk factors and lifestyle factors in the development and prevention of cancer: A literature review

Abstract

Cancer represents a major global health challenge, with steadily increasing incidence rates worldwide. A hallmark of cancer development is metabolic reprogramming, whereby cancer cells alter their metabolic behavior to meet the demands of energy production, biosynthesis, and redox homeostasis, distinguishing them from normal cells. Numerous environmental, behavioral, and biological factors contribute to cancer risk, including alcohol consumption, tobacco use, frequent intake of fast foods, exposure to environmental pollutants, viral infections such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), psychological stress, and dysregulation of key metabolic pathways involving glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids. Cancer progression involves the transformation of normal cells into highly malignant and invasive tumors, often accompanied by genomic instability. Emerging evidence suggests that modifiable lifestyle factors play a crucial role in both the development and prevention of cancer. Adoption of healthy dietary patterns, calorie restriction, regular physical activity, cessation of smoking and alcohol use, and avoidance of obesity-promoting behaviors such as excessive consumption of fatty foods and hot beverages can help regulate metabolic alterations and significantly reduce cancer risk. This review highlights the interplay between risk factors, metabolic changes, and lifestyle interventions in cancer development and prevention.