RETRACTED ARTICLE: Oxidative Stress-Related Genetic Polymorphisms in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: Emphasis on Gpx-1 and MPO Variants in Jordanian Population

Abstract

RETRACTED ARTICLE: This article has been retracted by the Editorial Office due to authorship and publication ethics concerns.

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a distinct head and neck malignancy characterized by marked geographic variation and multifactorial etiology involving Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, environmental exposures, and host genetic susceptibility. Oxidative stress has emerged as a central biological mechanism linking chronic inflammation and genomic instability to NPC pathogenesis. Antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPx-1) and pro-oxidant inflammatory enzymes such as myeloperoxidase (MPO) regulate intracellular redox balance. This review summarizes the role of oxidative stress pathways in carcinogenesis and outline current knowledge regarding the role of antioxidant and pro-oxidant enzyme polymorphisms particularly GPx-1 and MPO in NPC development, with special emphasis on finding from a recent Jordanian case-control study that demonstrated significant association between GPx-1 variants (1416T>TC and 1458C>T) and MPO variants (611G>A and 736G>GA) with increased NPC risk. Regional genetic data from Jordan and comparative international studies are discussed, highlighting the potential for oxidative stress related polymorphisms to serve as biomarkers to carcinogenesis. Evidence from international and regional literature is discussed to contextualize these findings and explore implications for genetic screening and targeted preventive strategies.