Simultaneous Detection of Vancomycin- and Linezolid-Resistant Genes in Enterococcus spp.: A Literature Review

Abstract

Antibiotic resistance has become a critical global health concern, particularly with the rise of multidrug-resistant Enterococcus spp., including strains resistant to last-resort antibiotics such as vancomycin and linezolid. These resistances are mediated by transferable genes (e.g., vanA, vanB, cfr, optrA, and poxtA) and chromosomal mutations, contributing to limited treatment options and increased clinical burden. Therefore, this review aims to summarize the key mechanisms of vancomycin and linezolid resistance and to focus on the importance of simultaneous molecular detection of these resistance genes. Such approaches, including multiplex polymerase chain reaction and advanced genomic techniques, are essential for rapid and accurate diagnosis, enabling timely therapeutic decisions, improving infection control strategies, and ultimately reducing the spread and impact of resistant enterococcal infections.